As the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) marks its centenary year, there is a renewed interest in the ideological and organisational contributions of Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, affectionately known as ‘Guruji’, who served as its second Sarsanghchalak from 1940 to 1973. Under his stewardship, the RSS transformed from a relatively small volunteer group into a nationwide ideological and social movement, influencing the creation of many affiliated organisations that remain central to India’s socio-political landscape.

This centennial milestone offers a reflective moment to understand how Golwalkar's leadership, rooted in discipline, spiritual vision, and organisational foresight, shaped the RSS’s philosophy, structure, and succession model. His tenure is particularly instructive for modern organisations grappling with leadership transitions and long-term ideological coherence.

Smooth and Visionary Leadership Succession

In contrast to the leadership crises common in political parties and corporate bodies, the RSS has demonstrated exceptional clarity in its leadership succession process. Golwalkar formalised this tradition by nominating his successor Balasaheb Deoras in advance through sealed letters, which were opened only after his passing in 1973. This move eliminated internal contestation and exemplified the organisation’s commitment to continuity over personality.

In addition to naming his successor, Golwalkar’s other letters expressed humility and spiritual grounding, with one quoting Saint Tukaram’s final prayer, asking for nothing but divine grace. Such deeply personal, spiritual expressions humanised Golwalkar’s public role, underlining the RSS's core belief in character-led leadership.

Organisational Growth and the Rise of Affiliates

During Golwalkar’s leadership, the RSS underwent exponential expansion, not only in reach but in the formation of several affiliate bodies, each catering to different sections of society. These included:

• Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) – A student organisation.

• Vanvasi Kalyan Ashram – Focused on tribal welfare.

• Vidya Bharati – Providing value-based education.

• Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) – For religious and spiritual unity.

• Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh – A labour union.

• Bharatiya Jan Sangh – The political precursor to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

Each of these was developed with clear ideological training, ensuring alignment with the broader Hindutva vision while operating independently in their own spheres.

Eliminating Caste Discrimination and Promoting Samajik Samrasta

One of Golwalkar’s most significant ideological contributions was to steer the RSS toward inclusivity within Hindu society, particularly targeting the deeply entrenched issue of caste discrimination.

His leadership saw the foundation of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad and the organisation of the first World Hindu Conference during the 1966 Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj. This historical event saw Hindu leaders from all sects converge and pledge to work against caste divisions, thus laying the foundation for Samajik Samrasta, or social harmony.

Golwalkar recognised that the unity of the Hindu community could not be achieved without addressing inequality and marginalisation, especially of the Dalits and tribal communities. This was not merely a strategic move but an ideological shift to reconnect all Hindus to Sanatana Dharma, transcending caste lines.

The Six Ideological Tenets from the First World Hindu Conference

Golwalkar’s address at the 1966 conference was pivotal in shaping the RSS’s global ideological framework, articulating six critical tenets that continue to define RSS philosophy:

1. Reinstating Hindu Confidence: Centuries of colonisation had reduced many Hindus to a state of confusion. Golwalkar stressed on reviving pride in Dharma, freeing the psyche from inferiority complexes.

2. Preserving Culture Abroad: He warned of cultural assimilation faced by Hindus living abroad and called for institutional support to maintain Dharma and Sanskaras (cultural values) among the diaspora.

3. Fostering National Pride: Indians must not be ashamed of their Hindu identity, Golwalkar argued. He urged for a positive domestic environment that empowers global Hindus.

4. Religious Inclusiveness: The RSS, Golwalkar emphasised, opposes no religion, instead advocating for spiritual honesty and universal love under the umbrella of inclusive Hindutva.

5. Sanatana Dharma as Universal: The eternal Dharma, which includes Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, is not bound by birth or geography. It is a universal code for principled life.

6. Support for Vanvasis (Tribals): Golwalkar made a heartfelt call to support tribal communities, acknowledging historical injustices they faced due to caste hierarchy and calling for their complete integration into Hindu society.

These six points demonstrated ideological maturity, combining traditional values with modern relevance, and continue to guide the RSS’s domestic and international engagement.

Handling Crises with Resilience

Golwalkar’s leadership was also tested during challenging times, notably during the first government-imposed ban on the RSS post-Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination. Golwalkar led the organisation through this existential crisis, maintaining unity and spirit within the ranks. His strategic acumen and ability to inspire resilience helped the RSS emerge stronger, setting a template for future crisis management.

Mentoring the Next Generation

Golwalkar mentored countless pracharaks (full-time volunteers) who went on to play pivotal roles in Indian society — as political leaders, social reformers, educators, and labour organisers. He believed in empowering individuals with clarity of purpose, grounded in Hindu values, which made for a highly motivated and mission-driven cadre.

This deep investment in human capital is one of the key reasons why the RSS has remained ideologically consistent and structurally sound for nearly a century.

Legacy of Spiritual and Organisational Vision

Golwalkar’s leadership was marked by an organic integration of spirituality and organisation-building. Unlike political leaders who often pursue power for its own sake, Golwalkar viewed power as a means to serve society and uphold Dharma.

He never sought personal glory — evidenced by his instruction that no memorial be erected in his name — a rare gesture in a world driven by ego and legacy-building. This self-effacing humility added gravitas to his leadership and reinforced RSS’s value-based culture.

Conclusion: A Blueprint for Hindu Unity and Organisational Stability

Golwalkar's contribution to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and to Hindu society at large is foundational. He:

• Streamlined leadership transitions with grace and spiritual depth.

• Expanded the RSS ecosystem, creating a network of affiliate bodies.

• Fostered unity across caste and sects, turning Hindutva into a socially inclusive ideology.

• Guided the organisation through adversity with calm and conviction.

• Left a well-defined ideological roadmap that continues to influence the RSS and its activities across the globe.

In its 100th year, the RSS remains deeply anchored in the philosophical and organisational legacy of Guruji Golwalkar. His life remains a model of spiritual integrity, visionary leadership, and unwavering commitment to Hindu unity, offering timeless lessons to both individuals and institutions aiming to serve society meaningfully.

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